Cervical spine4/2/2023 ![]() The reaction of the cervical spine to an axial-load impact has been investigated using cadaver specimens and demonstrates a buckling effect. Furthermore, vertebral movement in 1 plane often requires contributed movement in 1 or 2 other planes. ![]() Instead, individual vertebrae may experience a reversal of motion while traveling through a single plane of movement. The movement into a single plane is not the product of equal and summative movement between and among all cervical vertebrae. (3) The center for the body may be absent and the lateral masses fail to fuse anteriorly, resulting in a cleft.Objective: To provide a foundation of knowledge concerning the functional anatomy, kinematic response, and mechanisms involved in axial-compression cervical spine injury as they relate to sport injury.ĭata Sources: We conducted literature searches through the Index Medicus, SPORT Discus, and PubMed databases and the Library of Congress from 1975–2003 using the key phrases cervical spine injury, biomechanics of cervical spine, football spinal injuries, kinematics of the cervical spine, and axial load.ĭata Synthesis: Research on normal kinematics and minor and major injury mechanisms to the cervical spine reveals the complex nature of movement in this segment. (2) Occasionally an ossification center for the body fails to appear and in its place there are forward extension and fusion of the anterior portions of each neural arch. (1) The bodies may arise from two centers, which ultimately fuse with each other and with the neural arches. There are three principal variations in development. The first cervical vertebra is normally formed from three primary ossification centers, one for each neural arch and one for the body. The first and second cervical vertebrae also differ from the other cervical vertebrae because of certain distinguishing characteristics. No roentgenograms of children over eight years of age are included because, with few exceptions, the cervical spine has attained an adult form by this age.įirst Cervical Vertebra (Atlas): Among other features, cervical vertebrae differ from the dorsal and lumbar vertebrae in that they have a foramen in each transverse process. 4–15) (3) a diagram for orientation in oblique spine projections (Fig. 1–3) (2) representative roentgenograms of the normal cervical spines of infants and children (Figs. ![]() The illustrations are of three types: (1) those which show the developmental anatomy of the cervical vertebrae (Figs. ![]() The anatomical details are best demonstrated by means of reproductions of drawings and roentgenograms. The normal appearance in the few standard projections must therefore be stressed. As a result, not all of the modalities used in studying adults are available for children. Sedation is frequently necessary to obtain even routine recumbent films. It is often impossible to obtain upright films, laminagrams, and stereoscopic examinations. These are attributable to lack of cooperation and the immature state of muscular development in infants. The technics employed to obtain satisfactory films of the cervical spine are not pertinent to the discussion, but certain difficulties arise in the examination of children which are not encountered in adults. None of these children had a known history of trauma. The present study is based in part on roentgenograms of the cervical spine in approximately 100 normal children ranging from the newborn infant to the age of fourteen years. Because the appreciation and appraisal of roentgen abnormalities depend so much on a thorough understanding of the normal, the normal will be discussed and only a few pertinent anomalies will be mentioned. In this age group, the developmental anatomy of the cervical spine must be correlated with the roentgen appearance. The material presented here, although not new, represents an attempt to bring together data concerning the cervical spine in infants and children. Most of these deal exclusively with adults. Numerous papers on the subject of roentgenology of the cervical spine, especially with reference to the roentgen anatomy, have been published.
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